Phoenicia (
UK // or
US //;
[2] from the
Greek:
Φοινίκη,
Phoiníkē;
Arabic:
فينيقية,
Finiqyah) was an ancient
Semiticcivilization situated on the western, coastal part of the
Fertile Crescent and centered on the coastline of modern
Lebanon and
Tartus Governorate in
Syria. All major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean, some colonies reaching the Western Mediterranean. It was an enterprising
maritime trading culture that spread across the
Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the
galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the
bireme.
[3]They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the
Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the
alphabet (or
abjad), from which almost all modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
Phoenicians are widely thought to have originated from the earlier
Canaanite inhabitants of the region. Although Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to
Byblos to bring back "
cedars of Lebanon" as early as the 3rd millennium BC, continuous contact only occurred in the Egyptian New Empire period. In the
Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves
Kenaani or
Kinaani (either the same as the Canaanites, or the Kenanites/Cainanites spoken of the Septuagint version of Gen. 10:24), although these letters predate the invasion of the
Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC,
Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called
χνα (Latinized: khna), a name
Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix".
[4]
Phoenicia is really a Classical Greek term used to refer to the region of the major Canaanite port towns, and does not correspond exactly to a cultural identity that would have been recognised by the Phoenicians themselves. The term in Greek means 'land of purple', a reference to the valuable murex-shell dye they exported.
[5] It is uncertain to what extent the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single ethnicity and nationality. Their civilization was organized in
city-states, similar to
ancient Greece.
[6]However, in terms of archaeology, language, life style and religion, there is little to set the Phoenicians apart as markedly different from other Semitic cultures of Canaan. As Canaanites, they were unique in their remarkable seafaring achievements.
Each city-state was a politically independent unit. They could come into conflict and one city might be dominated by another city-state, although they would collaborate in leagues or alliances. Though ancient boundaries of such city-centered cultures fluctuated, the city of
Tyre seems to have been the southernmost.
Sarepta (modern day Sarafand) between
Sidon and Tyre is the most thoroughly excavated city of the Phoenician homeland.
The Phoenicians were the first state-level society to make extensive use of the
alphabet. The
Phoenician phonetic alphabet is generally believed to be the ancestor of almost all modern alphabets. From a traditional linguistic perspective, they spoke
Phoenician, a
Canaanite dialect.
[7][8] However, due to the very slight differences in language, and the insufficient records of the time, whether Phoenician formed a separate and united dialect, or was merely a superficially defined part of a broader language continuum, is unclear. Through their maritime trade, the Phoenicians spread the use of the alphabet to North Africa and Europe, where it was adopted by the
Greeks, who later passed it on to the
Etruscans, who in turn transmitted it to the
Romans.
[9] In addition to their many inscriptions, the Phoenicians are believed to have left numerous other types of written sources, but most have not survived.
A bireme is an ancient oared warship (galley) with two decks of oars, probably invented by the Phoenicians.[1] Long vessels built for military purposes had relatively high speed, meticulous construction, strength, and depending on the number of rows of oars, were called uniremes, biremes, triremes, quadriremes, etc.
