Several years ago, concurrently with its ongoing research into Vipassana, theVipassana Research Institute(VRI) assumed a monumental undertaking: the publication of an authentic version of the Pali literature in Devanagari script. To understand the significance of this project, it is necessary to briefly describe the sources ofVipassana Meditation.
Vipassana is a universal, scientific method towards purifying the mind. It is the practical essence of the teachings of the Buddha, who taught Dhamma - the Universal Law of Nature. Pali(Pāli) is aPrakritlanguage native to theIndian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of much of the earliestextant literatureofBuddhismas collected in thePāli CanonorTipiṭakaand is thesacred languageofBuddhism.
TheBhagavad Gita(Sanskrit:श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता,Śrīmadbhagavadgītā,Sanskrit pronunciation: [ˈbʱəɡəʋəd̪ ɡiːˈt̪aː] (listen)), literally meaningThe Song of theBhagavan, often referred to as simply theGita, is a 700-verse scripture that is part of theHinduepicMahabharata. It is a sacred text of the Hindus.
TheGitais set in a narrative framework of a dialogue betweenPandavaprinceArjunaand his guide LordKrishna. Facing the duty to kill his relatives, Arjuna is "exhorted by his charioteer, Kṛiṣhṇa, among others, to stop hesitating and fulfill hisKṣatriya(warrior) duty as a warrior and kill."[1]Inserted[1]in this appeal toksatriyadharma(heroism)[2]is "a dialogue [...] between diverging attitudes concerning and methods toward the attainment of liberation (moksha).[3]
Numerous commentaries have been written on theBhagavad Gitawith widely differing views on the essentials. Vedanta commentators read varying relations between Self and Brahman in the text:Advaita Vedantasees the non-dualism ofAtmanand Brahman as its essence,[8]whereasBhedabhedaandVishishtadvaitasee Atman and Brahman as both different and non-different, andDvaitasees them as different. The setting of theGitain a battlefield has been interpreted as an allegory for the ethical and moral struggles of the human life.
The Buddhist scholar and commentatorBuddhaghosaexplains that each saying recorded in the collection was made on a different occasion in response to a unique situation that had arisen in the life of the Buddha andhis monastic community. His commentary, theDhammapada Atthakatha, presents the details of these events and is a rich source of legend for the life and times of the Buddha.[3]
According to tradition, the Dhammapada's verses were spoken bythe Buddhaon various occasions.[8]"By distilling the complex models, theories, rhetorical style and sheer volume of the Buddha's teachings into concise, crystalline verses, the Dhammapada makes the Buddhist way of life available to anyone...In fact, it is possible that the very source of the Dhammapada in the third century B.C.E. is traceable to the need of the early Buddhist communities in India to laicize the ascetic impetus of the Buddha's original words."[9]The text is part of theKhuddaka Nikayaof theSutta Pitaka, although over half of the verses exist in other parts of the Pali Canon.[10]A 4th or 5th century CEcommentaryattributed toBuddhaghosaincludes 305 stories which give context to the verses.
A Torah Scroll is handwritten by a scribe with a feather and special ink on carefully prepared parchment.
An authentic Sefer Torah is a mind-boggling masterpiece of labor and skill. Comprising between 62 and 84 sheets of
parchment-cured, tanned, scraped and prepared according to exacting Halachic specifications-and containing exactly
304,805 letters, the resulting handwritten scroll takes many months to complete.
An expert scribe carefully inks each letter with a feather quill, under the intricate calligraphic guidelines of Ktav
Ashurit (Ashurite Script). The sheets of parchment are then sewn together with sinews to form one long scroll.
While most Torah scrolls stand around two feet in height and weigh 20-25 pounds, some are huge and quite heavy,
while others are doll-sized and lightweight.
Uploaded on Oct 11, 2011
This video illustrates the scribal formation of each Hebrew letter for writing a Torah. British sofer, Mordechai Michaels (www.sofer.co.uk) created this animation as a commission for the Contemporary Jewish Museum of San Francisco for the exhibition, As It Is Written: Project 304,805 www.thecjm.org.
TheHebrew alphabet(Hebrew:אָלֶף־בֵּיתעִבְרִי[a],Alefbet ʿIvri), known variously by scholars as theJewish script,square scriptandblock script, is used in the writing of theHebrew language, as well as of otherJewish languages, most notablyYiddish,Judaeo-Spanish, andJudeo-Arabic. There have been two script forms in use; the original old Hebrew script is known as thepaleo-Hebrew alphabet(which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in theSamaritan alphabet), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of theAramaic alphabetand was known by Israel's sages as theAshuri alphabet, since its origins were alleged to be from Assyria.[1]Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also acursive Hebrewscript, which has also varied over time and place.
The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not havecase, but five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew iswritten from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was anabjadconsisting only ofconsonants. As with otherabjads, such as theArabic alphabet, scribes later devised means of indicatingvowelsounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew asniqqud. In rabbinic Hebrew, the lettersא ה ו יare also used asmatres lectionis(the use of certain consonants to indicate a vowel) to represent vowels. A modified version of the Hebrew alphabet is used to write Yiddish, known asYiddish alphabet, which is a true alphabet (except for borrowed Hebrew words). In modern usage of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish (except thatעreplacesה) and to some extent modernModern Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is towardfull spellingwith these letters acting as true vowels.
Published on Jul 23, 2015
Born in France to Tunisian parents, eL Seed delights in juggling multiple cultures, languages and identities. Not least in his artwork, which sets Arabic poetry in a style inspired by street art and graffiti. In this quietly passionate talk, the artist and TED Fellow describes his central ambition: to create art so beautiful it needs no translation.
The body ofSanskrit literatureencompasses a rich tradition ofpoetryanddramaas well asscientific, technical,philosophicalandreligioustexts.[9][10]Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form ofhymnsandchants. Spoken Sanskrit has been revived in some villages with traditional institutions, and there are attempts to enhance its popularisation.
The corpus ofSanskrit literatureencompasses a rich tradition of poetry anddramaas well asscientific, technical,philosophicalanddharmatexts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the forms ofhymnsandmantras. Spoken Sanskrit has been revived in some villages with traditional institutions, and there are attempts at further popularisation.